HAR is pleased to announce one of the latest releases from Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie: an article (in English) on a fundamental Indigenous figure in the history of European ethnographic expeditions in late 19^th-century Amazonia.

BEROSE reference: Petschelies, Erik, 2025. “A Portrait of Antônio Bakairi: Indigenous Agency and the Politics of Ethnographic Knowledge in Late‑19th‑Century Amazonia,” Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie. https://doi.org/10.70601/1wphhd3.

HAR is pleased to announce one of the latest releases from Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie: an article (in French) on how Cuban museums represent slavery and African cultural legacies.

BEROSE reference: Toutain, Maxime, 2025. « De l’altérité à la communauté. L’esclavage et ses héritages dans les musées cubains (1913-1986) », Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie. https://doi.org/10.70601/5zfago6.

HAR is pleased to announce one of the latest releases from Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie: an article (in English) on the ambiguous collecting practices of the German ethnographer Günter Tessmann.

BEROSE reference: Fürniss, Susanne, Kathrin Grotz & Patricia Rahemipour, 2025. “Colonial ‘Collecting’ and the Creation of ‘Collectibles’: Günter Tessmann in Kamerun (1904–1909),” Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie. https://doi.org/10.70601/1otsze8.

HAR is pleased to announce one of the latest releases from Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie: an article (in English) presenting the history of Afro-Brazilian religious studies from a fresh perspective. A Portuguese version is also available.

BEROSE Reference: Morais, Mariana Ramos de, 2025. “Afro-Religious Anthropology at the Crossroads: Towards Other Histories of the Discipline in Brazil,” Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie. https://doi.org/10.70601/2k735b7.

Geneva Graduate Institute, Switzerland, Thursday, 11 June & Friday,12 June 2026

This two-day conference of the Society for the History of Recent Social Science (HISRESS), at the Geneva Graduate Institute in Switzerland, will bring together researchers working on the history of post-World War II social science. It will provide a forum for the latest research on the cross-disciplinary history of the post-war social sciences, including but not limited to anthropology, economics, psychology, political science, and sociology as well as related fields like area studies, communication studies, design, history, international relations, law, linguistics, and urban studies. The conference, hosted by the Geneva Graduate Institute, aims to build upon the recent emergence of work and conversation on cross-disciplinary themes in the postwar history of the social sciences.

The History of Anthropology Working Group at the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine invites proposals for our Winter/Spring 2026 sessions (January–June).

Our meetings provide a collegial space for sharing work in progress, and for receiving constructive feedback from fellow historians of anthropology. We especially welcome papers that invite conversation across different regions, methods, or traditions.

Those who are interested can submit proposals using this survey by 15 December 2025, PST. More information about the group is available here.

The annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association will be held in-person in New Orleans, LA from November 19-23, 2025.

The HAR News editors are pleased to share a selection of panels that may be of interest to our readers. Other panels and additional details can be found in the preliminary program.

The annual meeting of the History of Science Society will be held in-person in New Orleans, LA from November 13-16, 2025.

The HAR News editors are pleased to share a selection of panels that may be of interest to our readers. Other panels and additional details can be found in the conference program.

At the Warburg Institute, Woburn Square, London. Tuesday, November 11, 6:00-7:30 p.m.

Join us for a conversation with Noga Arikha about her new biography of Franz Boas: In Praise of Open Minds. This event aims to introduce Boas’s ideas, outline their genesis in Germany, their impact in the US and beyond – and their continuing relevance today. This accessible intellectual biography traces Boas’s life and scientific passions, from his roots in Germany and his move to the United States in 1884, partly in response to growing antisemitism in Germany, to his work with First Nations communities and his influential role as a teacher, mentor, and engaged activist who inspired an entire generation. The book pays particular attention to Boas’s ethnographic and museum work, as well as his connections with Aby Warburg, founder of the Warburg Institute. Noga Arikha will discuss her book with John Tresch, professor of history of art, science, and folk practice and HAR co-editor.

This workshop, timed to follow the Economic History Society conference, aims to bring together scholars who have engaged with the Murdock Atlas in their research, and who are interested in an open, cross-disciplinary, and forward-looking conversation on the merits, limitations, and pitfalls of using the Atlas in social science research.

HAR is pleased to announce two complementary articles (in English) on recent and crucial chapters in the history of Brazilian Anthropology in the (newly renamed) Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie.

De Souza Lima, Antonio Carlos, & Caio Gonçalves Dias, 2025. “Waking the Zombies: Anthropology in Ultra /Neoliberal Brazil,” Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie.

Tambascia, Christiano Key, Fernanda Arêas Peixoto, & Gustavo Rossi, 2025. “What’s the Story? Contemporary Brazilian Experimentations and Alternative Histories of Anthropology,” Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie.

What does anthropology have to say in neoliberal contexts, in postcolonial states marked by extractivism and the wholesale violation of rights? What can be done to awaken realistic perceptions in a world irrigated by fake news and anti-scientism? With a focus on the Brazilian case, these articles explore the connections between ultra/neoliberalism, neoconservatism, and the challenges faced by anthropology in defending its epistemological, theoretical, and ethical frameworks.

HAR is pleased to announce one of the latest releases from Bérose: an article (in English) on a lesser-known facet of Van Gennep’s anthropology. This is one of a series of 11 articles dedicated to Van Gennep in the (newly renamed) Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie.

Laurière, Christine, 2025. “The Struggle for Ethnography: Van Gennep and Marcel Mauss as Enemy Brothers,” Encyclopédie Bérose des histoires de l’anthropologie.

French anthropologist, folklorist and ethnographer, Arnold Van Gennep (1873–1957) is a key figure in the history of the discipline. His international fame is mainly linked to the rereading of his famous work Les Rites de passage (1909) from the 1960s onwards by anthropologists such as Max Gluckman, Victor Turner and Rodney Needham. Since the 1970s, he has also been recognized in France as the founding father of French ethnography at home—among other works, his monumental Manuel de folklore français contemporain appeared in several volumes from 1937 onwards. This double portrait, however, is incomplete. Van Gennep also played a key role in the rise of the legitimacy of French anthropology in the 1900s–1920s but in an unusual way, as he was a troublemaker and somewhat of a trickster. This biographical essay offers a deliberately alternative reading of Van Gennep’s bumpy scientific path. It shows that he had a highly original notion of ethnography as an independent science, refusing to subordinate it to either sociology or ethnology, and refusing the great divide between “us” and “them.” While following his unfruitful attempts to build closer relations with Durkheimian sociologists, the article traces the transformations of Van Gennep’s views on disciplinary frontiers in the first quarter of 20th century. These attempts failed partly for theoretical and methodological reasons, but also for reasons of political philosophy, namely about the place of the individual in society according to Van Gennep’s anarchist sensibilities. His intellectual and institutional rivalry with Marcel Mauss—which has not been addressed properly so far—is highlighted as one of the reasons why Van Gennep abandoned “exotic” anthropology altogether and for good, devoting himself to European and French folklore from the 1920s onwards. The affirmation of ethnography as a scientific discipline was at stake, generating fierce power struggles over definitions and methods to eventually determine who would legitimately bring it to the baptismal font of French academia. Arnold Van Gennep’s antagonistic views provide an excellent vantage point from which to highlight this decisive moment.

HAR is happy to share information about an exciting upcoming international workshop from our friends at HOAN-EASA. 

Transnational Entanglements of Racial Anthropology: History and Legacy, will take place in Berlin and online between September 11 and 13, 2025 (all times CET), bringing international scholars worldwide. 

The workshop has been funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, DFG (German Research Council), and HOAN, and will be livestreamed, enabling our online HOAN viewers to listen to the various presentations to ask questions through the chat.

Overview: Racial anthropology, emerging in (post-)colonial contexts, first developed in Europe and North America before spreading globally. Responding to the renewed calls for overcoming the legacies of colonialism, imperialism and racism in anthropology, the workshop examines the transnational afterlives of scientific racism in all fields of anthropology. This workshop will explore the ways in which racial anthropology took shape—and spreaded—through global scientific networks and how we should confront the enduring legacies of racism in science. Departing from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in Berlin (KWI-A), this workshop will discuss these questions and trace the transnational entanglements of racial knowledge in science and politics since the twentieth century.

See program and more information below OR in the attached pdfs:

Participation: 

Thursday: https://nomadit-co-uk.zoom.us/j/89804339971?pwd=sXLEU1B5XWvRu3Q1FurWPRhpOARWz7.1

Friday: https://nomadit-co-uk.zoom.us/j/85683553165?pwd=bQhYgSrXVJkGEHyRjQZ2nmGVCR0X7L.1

Saturday: https://nomadit-co-uk.zoom.us/j/82901405394?pwd=TZlPi3aSQbApNYZQAqUca128t5qSCF.1

We are looking forward to seeing you!

HOAN Convenors

Program:

Thursday, Sept. 11

14:15–15:00 Introduction: Dr. Manuela Bauche (FU Berlin), Prof. Dr. Hande Birkalan-Gedik (GU Frankfurt) & Dr. Thiago Pinto Barbosa (U Leipzig)

15:00–16:30 Paper Session 1:

·        Weicheng Huang (FU Berlin) – From “Racial Crossing” to “Migration and Isolation of Culture”: Tao Yunkui (1904–1944) and the Reassembling of German Anthropology on China’s Ethnic Frontier

·        Dr. Hoda Bandeh-Ahmadi (U Michigan) – tba

Discussion: Dr. Udo Mischek & Dr. Lisa Gottschall 

17:30–19:00 Keynote Lecture (PUBLIC EVENT, FU Berlin, Ihnestraße 21, Room A):

·        Prof. Dr. Hans-Walter Schmuhl (U Bielefeld), author of The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics, 1927-1945: Crossing Boundaries (2008)

Friday, Sept. 12

9:00–10:30 Paper Session 2:

·        Prof. Dr. Katharina Schramm (U Bayreuth) – The Politics of Lambs’ Hair: Circulating Ideas about Race and Phenotype in Colonial Karakul Breeding

·        Lukas Alex (U Bayreuth) – Epistemic One-Way-Street: Eugenic Knowledge and Population Genetics in the Legacy of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics

Discussion: Prof. Dr. Carola Sachse & Lisette Jong

13:30–15:00 Paper Session 3:

·        Lisette Jong (U Amsterdam) – Old Bones in New Databases: Historical Insights into Race, Statistics, and Ancestry Estimation in Anthropology

·        Prof. Dr. Carola Sachse (U Vienna) – Uyghurs in the Spotlight of Evolutionary and Forensic Genetics: The End of a Long-standing German-Chinese Scientific Collaboration

Discussion: Prof. Dr. Katharina Schramm & Lukas Alex 

15:30–17:00 Paper session 4:

·        Dr. Lisa Gottschall (ÖAK-IKW, Vienna) – Anthropological Research on “Colonial Soldiers” in WWII POW Camps: A Preliminary Report

·        Prof. Dr. Marius Turda (Oxford Brookes U) – Racial Science in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust: The Case of Dr Gh. Stroescu

Discussion: Prof. Dr. Amos Morris-Reich & Dr. Katja Geisenhainer

18:30–20:00 Book reading and discussion (PUBLIC EVENT, FHXB Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Museum) 

 ·        An Indian student in a German school of racial anthropology and eugenics: Presentation of the book Iru: The Remarkable Life of Irawati Karve (2024), with authors Urmilla Deshpande and Thiago Pinto Barbosa, discussed by Lisette Jong.

—

Saturday, Sept. 13

9:30–11:30 Paper Session 5:

·        Prof. Dr. Amos Morris-Reich (Tel Aviv U) – Race and Antisemitism: a Historical and Philosophical Re-evaluation

·        Dr. Katja Geisenhainer (Frobenius Inst.) – The Relationship between early German-language Ethnology and Physical Anthropology

·        Prof. Dr. Hande Birkalan-Gedik (GU Frankfurt) –  From Dahlem to Ankara: Afterlives of Racial Science, Knowledge Transfer, and the Turkish Anthropology

Discussion: Prof. Dr. Marius Turda, Dr. Hoda Bandeh-Ahmadi & Dr. Thiago Pinto Barbosa 

12:00–13:00 Wrapping Up

We are pleased to announce continuation of the working group on the History of the Language Sciences, hosted by the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine. Meetings will take place via Zoom on the second Tuesday of each month at 9:00 Eastern in the upcoming academic year. This year, presentations and discussions will focus on archives in the history and historiography of the language sciences (linguistic anthropology notably included). The co-conveners welcome proposals for presentations as well as general group participation.

Archives scaffold research in both in history and the sciences. Far from passive repositories, they assert order and give shape to the world. In the midst of what feels like daily media revolutions, archives have attracted widespread interest from historians of science in recent years. “The archive” has been newly re-conceptualized as a cross-disciplinary focus of reflection and analysis. At the same time, political impulses to decolonize the archive, alongside the ambitions and anxieties made possible by new media, have motivated highly specific interventions in the discipline of linguistics. From the corpora of computational linguistics to the digitization of resources documenting endangered languages, linguists have reckoned explicitly and enthusiastically with the affordances of their collections. 

In the 2025-26 academic year, our working group will explore the relationship between these two traditions of thinking with and about archives. What can a cross-disciplinary perspective bring to bear on the uniqueness of archival practices in linguistics? Reciprocally, how might the particularities of linguistics inform the broader historiographic conversation around archives in the history of science? Do examples of linguistic corpora, for example, resist the notion that archives are inherently historical or not? How might conversations about governance in other fields relate to practices in linguistics? We look forward to exploring such questions with those who are interested from any disciplinary background. 

Again, the co-conveners welcome proposals for presentations in the next season of our working group. Please get in contact with Judy Kaplan (jrk@chstm.org), Raúl Aranovich (raranovich@ucdavis.edu) or James McElvenny (james.mcelvenny@mailbox.org) for more information or to pitch a session on this theme. Thanks!

HAR is pleased to announce one of the latest releases from BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology: an article (in English) on Alfred Lyall’s colonial ethnography and anthropology in India.

Fuller, Chris, 2025. “‘The Most Subtle‑Minded and Profoundly Devout People in Asia’: Alfred Lyall on Hinduism, Caste and the State in Colonial India,” in BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris.

Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (1835–1910) was a member of the Indian Civil Service from 1856 to 1887. He began his official career in north India from 1856–1864; he was then promoted and stationed in the Central Provinces between 1864–1867 and in adjacent West Berar from 1867–1873. In 1874–1878, he was the governor-general’s agent in Rajputana, the western Indian region made up of princely states under indirect rule. He was an official in the government of India’s Foreign Department in 1878–1882 and ended his career as lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh from 1882–1887. Lyall’s first work as a colonial, official anthropologist was done in the 1860s; in particular, he wrote the report on the Berar census of 1867 in which he enumerated its castes, tribes and religious groups and discussed how to classify them cogently. In central India and Rajputana, he collected a large amount of ethnographic material, which he used to write a series of perceptive articles in British periodicals that were later collected in two volumes of Asiatic Studies, first published in 1882 and 1899. The essays on clans and castes, Rajput princely states and popular Hinduism, which were widely read, were Lyall’s major contributions to the anthropology of India. He also wrote numerous articles and several books on political topics, most of them concerned with British rule in India.

All these publications significantly contributed to Lyall’s reputation as an official anthropologist, an expert on India and, more widely, a distinguished Victorian intellectual and “man of letters.” By his contemporaries, he was often compared with Henry Maine, whose work he admired, and even though Lyall had less influence than Maine on the overall development of social anthropology, his effective use of Indian ethnographic data to criticize the work of F. Max Müller and James G. Frazer on myth and religion attracted considerable attention. Later official anthropologists, such as H. H. Risley, were familiar with Lyall’s work, especially his concept of “Brahmanising,” whereby tribal communities were raised to low-caste Hindu status by transforming their local deities and rituals into pan-Indian, Brahmanical ones. Compared with these later anthropologists, Lyall’s writings look fairly slight, but as Chris Fuller upholds in this path-breaking study, several of his articles still make impressive reading—especially those on popular polytheistic Hinduism, which according to Fuller he discussed more perceptively, as well as more sympathetically, than most other official anthropologists or Victorian writers in general.

In partnership with BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, HAR is honored to announce the release of a previously unpublished manuscript by Signe Howell, who passed away on January 26, 2025.

Howell, Signe, 2025. “My Anthropology: A Personal and Intellectual Adventure,” in BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris.

Signe Howell (1942–2025) was a Norwegian social anthropologist, trained at the University of Oxford. After an 18-month long (1977–1979) fieldwork season with the egalitarian Chewong peoples living in the Malaysian rainforest, she earned a PhD in 1980 under the supervision of Rodney Needham. For a short while, she was a member of the Erasmus research group led by Daniel de Coppet at the École de hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS, Paris), centered around Louis Dumont, and taught for three years in the Department of Anthropology at Edinburgh University before joining the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Oslo in 1987. She revisited the Chewong frequently until 2018. As a counterpoint to her first ethnographic experience, she also conducted lengthy fieldwork among the Lio, a highly structured society in the mountains in Flores, Eastern Indonesia, and visited several countries in connection with her subsequent research on international adoption from the 2000s. She wrote and edited influential books such as Society and Cosmos: Chewong of Peninsular Malaysia (1984), Societies at Peace: Anthropological Perspectives (with Roy Willis, 1989), The Ethnography of Moralities (1997), The Kinning of Foreigners: Transnational Adoption in a Global Perspective (2006), and Returns to the Field: Multitemporal research and contemporary anthropology (with Aud Talle, 2011).

Bérose has the privilege of releasing an unpublished manuscript by Signe Howell, edited and presented by her widower in the following terms: “To write this memoir was very important to Signe, my wife. She began working on it in 2023, and we discussed it as it developed through several drafts. In agreement with Signe, I took responsibility for completing this text, which was nearing its final form when she died. She was insistent on maintaining the shifting “I/she” form in the narrative, by which she sought to convey the ambivalent feelings she experienced on describing and reflecting upon her time in the field.”

HAR is pleased to announce one of the latest releases from BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology: two articles (in English) on Margaret Mead’s fieldwork experience and its ethnographic outcomes.

Shankman, Paul, 2025. “The Forgotten Ethnographic Legacy of Margaret Mead (1925‑1930),” in BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris.

Shankman, Paul, 2025. “The Forgotten Ethnographic Legacy of Margaret Mead (1931‑1939),” in BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris.

The author of a prolific body of work, Margaret Mead (1901–1978) is the best known US anthropologist of the twentieth century, and the person who epitomized anthropology in the eyes of the public. She is widely known for her popular works, including Coming of Age in Samoa (1928). These works were commercial, highly visible, and often worked against her reputation as a scholar. Yet Mead was a dedicated fieldworker and serious ethnographer, publishing a number of professional ethnographic monographs that covered her fieldwork in eight different cultures during the years 1925 to 1940. Although relatively less known, these works were often well regarded, contributing to the ethnographic record. Mead was also a pioneering and innovative ethnographer, advocating team research, the use of psychological testing, photography, and film, and the importance of fieldnotes.

In the first of two articles highlighting Mead’s trajectory, Paul Shankman covers Mead’s fieldwork and publications between 1925 and 1931. From 1928 and throughout the 1930s, she and her successive husbands, Reo Fortune and Gregory Bateson, conducted ethnographic experiments in New Guinea and Bali. Shankman’s second article is dedicated to the years from 1931 to 1940, namely to Mead’s fieldwork among the Arapesh, Mundugumor, Tchambuli, Balinese, and Iatmul. A disciple of Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict, Mead was one of the first female anthropologists to graduate from a US university (1929). She was a pioneer in her thinking on the methodology of ethnographic observation, through her research on child rearing, sexuality and gender relations, psychological anthropology, and visual anthropology. She worked for the US government during the Second World War and for major international organizations after the war, such as UNESCO, on studies of national character, social change and nutrition. She spent most of her career at the American Museum of Natural History. After her death, her work on Samoa was the subject of a violent controversy with Derek Freeman. Mead remains both an inspirational and a much-debated figure in the history of the discipline.

The History and Philosophy of Geography Research Group (HPGRG) of the Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers (RGS-IBG) has launched a new initiative. Every two years, HPGRG will offer a small award of £150 to support projects which seek to widen audience engagement within the history and philosophy of geography.

Projects which meet our criteria might include public engagement through presentations, media presence, artwork, workshops, exhibitions, and other events, ideally in collaboration with museums, archives, learned societies and institutions, galleries and libraries, whose collections and purposes relate to themes about the histories and philosophies of geography. Examples include:

• public events or performances, installations, museum trails, and exhibitions;
• displays and content for actual or virtual spaces of public engagement, including posters, non-academic publications such as museum catalogues, and informal learning sheets;
• media articles, blog posts, social media posts, podcasts, video and audio files;
• specific events for school children or other diverse demographics.

This biannual award is open to doctoral students and early career postdoctoral researchers of geography and associated disciplines, both in academia and other sectors. Applications from around the world and from non-Anglophone countries are particularly encouraged but these would need to be submitted in the English language. Collaborative projects between geographers and practising artists, poets, musicians, actors, sculptors, or other performers will also be welcome. HPGRG also seeks to encourage applications from minority and underrepresented identity groups.

Recipients of this award will be offered the chance to showcase their work during the Annual General Meeting (AGM) of HPGRG (usually held at the end of August or early September) and on the HPGRG website.

The application form can be downloaded from our website.

The scheme is designed to further the ambition of HPGRG to diversify participation in, and methods of presenting and practising, the history and philosophy of geography via works that communicate, integrate, and encourage geographical insights across diverse wider publics.

Any queries and/or completed application forms should be emailed to: Dr. Emily Hayes, ehayes@brookes.ac.uk by July 30, 2025. Please circulate details widely.

The History of Anthropology Interest Group (HOAIG) of the American Anthropological Association is pleased to announce the inaugural competition for Outstanding Graduate Student Paper in the History of Anthropology. HOAIG is an interest group of the AAA’s General Anthropology Division that provides a gathering place for discussions of the history of anthropology and the human sciences. This prize will be awarded to a paper about the history of anthropology, broadly construed.

We encourage students to submit papers they have written based on original, primary source research, or that analyze ideas, texts, contexts, or figures (whether marginalized or centralized) in the discipline’s history. Papers may reflect the influence of global anthropologies, Indigenous studies, Black studies, Science and Technology Studies, information science, the history, sociology, or philosophy of science, or other scholarly fields on the history of anthropology. They may challenge conventional histories of the discipline and its traditional geographic and institutional centers. The winning author will a receive a $100 award, and recognition by HOAIG at the 2025 Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association (November 19-23 in New Orleans, LA).

Eligibility Criteria

1. Applicants must be in a degree-granting program (including master’s and doctoral programs) or have graduated during the 2024 or 2025 calendar years.
2. Papers must be the original work of the author. Course papers, dissertation chapters, and journal articles in preparation, under review, or accepted/published during the 2025 calendar year are eligible for consideration.
3. Papers must be 5,000-12,000 words including bibliography and references. Images should be embedded within the document itself and citations and references should be consistent with Chicago style.
4. Papers should submitted as a Word document (.doc/docx) along with a 1-2 page CV for the author.
   

Submission (paper and CV) must be emailed by Friday, September 26, 2025 to Andrew Newman (Andrew.Newman@wayne.edu). Please reach out to the same email for questions about the award. HOAIG looks forward to your contributions!